These problems can happen while the baby is growing inside his or her mom, during the … Present study has been conducted on patients of mental disability to assess the role of these risk factors Chromosome abnormalities often lead to mental retardation, frequently in association with other physical abnormalities. There are various known causes of mental retardation, including genetic disorders, maternal infections, psychosocial conditions, drug exposure, and environmental chemical exposure. Genetic: Over 30% of mental retardation is attributed to genetics.These children are likely to suffer from problems such as Down Syndrome and fragile X syndrome. If a neurological cause such as brain injury is suspected, the child may be referred to a neurologist or neuropsychologist for testing. Women’s Mental Health and Mental retardation Among these, the only preventable cause is fetal alcohol syndrome. Homeopathy for Mental Retardation in Children Chen et al. Microcephaly is also caused if the mother used drugs, alcohol, had an infection (Zika virus, German measles, chickenpox), was exposed to toxins, or suffered untreated PKU while she was pregnant. Mental Retardation: Causes and Problem | Psychology Mental retardation (intellectual disabilities) happen because the brain gets injured or a problem prevents the brain from developing normally. 4. The economic cost of mental illness in the United States is substantial, approximately $300 billion in 2002. In some cases, the condition is caused by a genetic condition or birth defect. trauma before birth, such as an infection or exposure to alcohol, drugs, or other toxins. Prenatal Development There are a number of causes of mental retardation. What causes mental retardation and cerebral palsy? Mental Retardation 10 Possible Causes for Autism inherited disorders, such as phenylketonuria (PKU) or Tay-Sachs disease. ... A variety of problems during a woman's pregnancy can cause mental retardation in her child. So, they need to avoid alcohol, prevent exposure to toxic chemicals, and maintain good nutrition. Effects on the fetus of drugs and toxins can cause the … Conditions such as encephalocele, anencephaly, microcephaly, and hydrocephalus can not be explained. Grade 3 = average appearance in the normal population. In many cases, the cause(s) of mental retardation remains unknown. lack of oxygen) • Metabolic Disturbance • Inadequate Prenatal Nutrition • Gross postnatal brain disease (e.g. Advanced microscopic imaging methods to investigate ... No specific etiology can be found in up to 40% of cases, ... Prenatal (before birth) Chromosomal disorders • Down’s syndrome* Prenatal Infection and intoxication It may come across as odd, but nutritional deficiencies are one of the biggest culprits of... Environmental Conditions & … prevalence of severe mental retardation is about 3 per 1.000 population and 30 per 1.000 for mild mental retardation (Harper, 1993). In 1959, Lejeune identified an extra chromosome as the genetic abnormality (Lejune, Gautier, & Turpin, 1959).Until that time, amniocentesis was primarily used to treat Rh incompatibility and later to identify male fetuses at risk for hemophilia and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, both … Physical features may include a long and narrow face, large ears, flexible fingers, and large testicles. A) alcohol B) marijuana C) nicotine D) cocaine E) caffeine. Mental retardation (intellectual disabilities) happen because the brain gets injured or a problem prevents the brain from developing normally. By TJPRC Publication. Medical conditions that lead to intellectual disabilities fall into three groups. The case of Down syndrome: Prenatal Disadvantage. Specific factors may be described under three headings viz., prenatal (during pregnancy), natal (during birth), and postnatal (after birth). Intellectual disability (ID), once called mental retardation, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. What prenatal issues imply is the issues that might develop during the … Neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis) Today, FAS remains the leading known preventable cause of mental retardation (3). It is defined as a level of intellectual functioning (as measured by standard intelligence tests ) that is well below average and results in significant limitations in the person's daily living skills (adaptive functioning). Pediatric Neurosurgery , 12 (3), 175-176. The Global Disease Control Priorities Project estimates that 10% to 20% of individuals worldwide have a developmental disability of some kind.1 In the U.S. alone, it is estimated that 9% of children younger than 36 months … Causes of mental retardation include fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect; brain damage caused by the use of prescription or illegal drugs during pregnancy; brain injury and disease; and genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. The etiology of mild mental retardation is … Autism is a complex, behaviorally defined, static disorder of the immature brain that is of great concern to the practicing pediatrician because of an astonishing 556% reported increase in pediatric prevalence between 1991 and 1997, to a prevalence higher than that of spina bifida, cancer, or Down s … There are many genetic diseases associated with intellectual disability. The leading cause of preventable mental retardation in the Western world is prenatal alcohol exposure, which can result in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Since proper brain development is achieved by a strict spatiotemporal control of neurogenesis, cell migration, and patterning of synapses, abnormalities in one or more of these events during prenatal … Extremely premature babies also have a high risk of getting affected by the complication. Prenatal causes include genetic disorders, syndromal disorders, and developmental disorders of brain formation. Prenatal factors. The cause of mental retardation was harder to determine in individuals with mild mental retardation, and most of those with an uncertain cause had a positive family history. Genetic conditions occur as a result of abnormalities within the structure or make-up of the cell; for example, the cell may have too many or too few chromosomes. Causes of mental retardation are genetic, biochemical, viral, and developmental. Marijuana remains illegal at the federal level, even as some states have legalized it for recreational and medicinal use. Maternal Responses to Prenatal Stress. Alcohol abuse during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation in offspring in the United States. The most severe consequences of maternal alcohol abuse are fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS) and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) ( see Stratton et al. Why does down syndrome cause mental retardation? Lead exposure during pregnancy or preterm can potentially cause mental retardation. trauma before birth, such as an infection or exposure to alcohol, drugs, or other toxins. Prader—Willi syndrome)[4, 5]. This disability originates before 18 th. At lower levels of methylmercury exposure, the effects in children have been more subtle. Down Syndrome is an example of a chromosomal disorder (Mental Retardation Issues). Causes Genetic & Chromosomal Abnormalities:. 15 Whereas factors associated with mild mental retardation were maternal illiteracy, landlessness, maternal history of pregnancy loss and small for gestational age at birth. Footnote: Lip–philtrum guide (left Caucasian, right African ethnicity) for assessment of thickness of the upper lip and smoothness of the philtrum (the vertical groove between nose and upper lip). Fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation, affecting approximately 1 in 3,600 males and 1 in 6,000 females. Mental Retardation. Facial abnormalities and growth retardation need not be present. Congenital infections that may cause mental retardation include infections caused by the rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum and HIV. Essays Related to Mental Retardation: Causes and Effects. Reconfirmation was completely consistent with prenatal prediction. Upward of 700 genetic causes have been suggested as associated with the development of mental retardation. Other genetic causes of mental retardation are inborn errors of metabolism. Autism Causes, the Reality. Mental retardation can cause a number of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic metabolic and nervous diseases. QUESTION 15 In regard to the cause of mental retardation (MR), prenatal exposure to alcohol is the leading known cause of MR. O genetic disorders like Down syndrome tend to cause more mild forms of MR. the most severe forms of MR in the U.S. are due to prenatal alcohol exposure. Causes and risk factors for intellectual disability There are a number of factors that can play a role in the development of intellectual disability. Mental Retardation Definition Mental retardation is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18. Nutritional Deficiencies. Other factors include • Prenatal Infection and intoxication • Trauma or physical agent (e.g. Their impacts on quality of life and productivity are considerable, not only for affected children but also for families and populations as a whole. Any time that something occurs that interferes with normal brain development, there is an increased risk that there will be an onset of this condition. Hydrocephalus a condition marked by an abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid within the cavities of the brain can also result in mental retardation. Chromosomal disorders occur every once in a while, and are caused by too many or too few chromosomes in the restructure of the chromosomes (The Arc of New Jersey). Four fetuses had the deletion, 4 were carriers, and 3 were normal. The average IQ in males with FXS is under 55, while about two thirds of affected females are intellectually disabled. Down syndrome (or Down's syndrome in the UK) Down syndrome is the most common genetic origin of intellectual disabilities (ID, formerly mental retardation). Behavioral and neurological problems associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may lead to poor academic performance as well as legal and employment difficulties in adolescence and adulthood (4). A diagnosis of mental retardation cannot be made on the basis of intellectual ability alone; there must be both intellectual and adaptive (personal independence and social responsibility) impairment. So, good prenatal care can prevent mental retardation to an extent. Prevention: Educate pregnant women to understand the importance of staying healthy. What causes mental retardation. Causes of mental retardation are genetic, biochemical, viral, and developmental. The following are some of the known risk factors for MR: Down's Syndrome, phenylketonuria, and other genetic diseases. During each prenatal stage, environmental factors affect the development of the fetus. Mental Retardation Prevention. One of the first genetic cause is this condition called Down Syndrome. It is defined as an intellectual functioning level (as measured by standard tests for intelligence quotient) that is well below average and significant limitations in daily living skills (adaptive functioning). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is one of the most common causes of mental retardation and is the only one that is 100% preventable. Intellectual disability (ID), once called mental retardation, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. During pregnancy, several maternal illnesses can occur (e.g. Alcohol abuse during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation in offspring in the United States. Head Trauma: A severe head injury can cause inflammation in the brain.This can change the mental state of the child and lead to difficulties in memory, attention and reasoning. In children, early severe impairment of the brain is generally the main cause of multiple disabilities, affecting several areas of the neurological activity (intelligence, motricity, sensory sensitivity). The cause need not be related to birth: serious head injury can cause mental retardation at any age. Learn more here. Illness. is another cause of mental retardation. What causes mental retardation. 2. Liu Y, McDermott S, Lawson A, et al. Causes of mental retardation are genetic, biochemical, viral, and developmental. Grade 4 and 5 = thin upper lip and smooth philtrum characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome. Perinatal Causes:-The following are some of the perinatal causes of mental retardation:-1) Premature birth (being born between 28 weeks & 34 weeks) due to various causes. Pregnant women can minimize the risk of this condition in their fetus, by: Don't smoke and … Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug during pregnancy in the U.S., and marijuana use is on the rise among all adult age groups, both sexes, and pregnant women.. A person is considered mentally retarded if he or she has an intellectual functioning level well below average and significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas. Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus. Some of these are: 1. Other factors include • Prenatal Infection and intoxication • Trauma or physical agent (e.g. Withdrawal symptoms from alcohol may … 1. Inheritance is the major cause for intellectual disability; chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome or metabolic disorders can also cause intellectual disability. Intelligence is the general mental capacity that involves reasoning, planning, solving problems, thinking abstractly, comprehending complex ideas, learning efficiently, and learning from experience (AAIDD, 2010). Trisomy 18 is caused by an extra chromosome in the developing baby. Some prenatal causes of mental retardation are unknown. The authors conclude that mild mental retardation, unlike more severe forms of mental retardation - or even specific learning disabilities - should be … o Prenatal screening is central to the diagnosis and management of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Studies on human patients and animal models of disease have shown that disruptions in prenatal and early postnatal brain development are a root cause of mental retardation. Mental retardation is defined as significantly sub average general intellectual functioning and impairment in cognitive and adaptive functioning. Intellectual disability, earlier known as mental retardation, means that a person’s mental development is much less than peers. PRENATAL ISSUES. trisomy 21 syndrome), inherited genetic traits (e.g. 2. Prenatal development is the process that occurs during the 40 weeks prior to the birth of a child. One baby in every 6,000 is born with trisomy 18. Learn about microcephaly, a genetic abnormality that causes an abnormally small head. Encephalocele involves an opening in the skull from which part All these conditions affect the brain in some way. Mental retardation is thought to affect approximately 2-3% of the population. Other causes in this category include low body weight, lack of crying, birth asphyxia and birth trauma. “Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind existing before the age of 18 years whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury.” According to American Association on Mental Deficiency, The incidence of rubella infection in early pregnancy in non-epidemic years is probably less than 1 in 1000.41 In such years rubella has been regarded as a cause of severe mental retardation, on clinical evidence, in only 0-5-1% of cases.2 36 In our series there were 6 out of 275 retarded children with a history of maternal rubella (2%). The leading cause of preventable mental retardation in the Western world is prenatal alcohol exposure, which can result in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Conditions such as encephalocele, anencephaly, microcephaly, and hydrocephalus can not be explained. Genetic abnormalities, maternal illnesses, psychosocial circumstances, drug exposure, and ambient chemical exposure are all known causes of mental retardation. The name for … Intrauterine growth restriction is when a baby in the womb doesn't grow at the expected rate during the pregnancy. These are: 1) prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs; 2) exposure to certain toxins; and 3) some types of infections. Although the causes of most mental disorders are not fully understood, researchers … A complicated delivery can lead to central nervous system impairment and can cause mental retardation. These problems can happen while the baby is growing inside his or her mom, during the … CASPR2 autoantibodies are raised during pregnancy in mothers of children with mental retardation and disorders of psychological development but not autism Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2017 Results of Mental Retardation: Causes, At lower levels of methylmercury exposure, chromosomal nondisjunction, muco Intellectual disabilities can cause feelings of loneliness, occurring in about 1/800-1000 births, Down’s Syndrome, cerebral palsy and visual and auditory deficits in children of exposed mothers, and prenatal screening issues. Now that you have a basic understanding of what mental retardation is all about, let us try to understand its possible causes. The effects are irreversible and last a lifetime. Mental Retardation (MR) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a significant impairment of cognitive and development due to abnormalities in the structure or function of brain. info@fetalmedicine.ae for appointments, please call +971 4 3604040 or +971 55 9025744 fragile X syndrome) and single gene disorders (e.g. It is often difficulty to incriminate only a single factor as the cause of mental retardation. Causes of Mental Retardation Prenatal causes (causes before birth) Chromosomal Disorders: Down’s syndrome, fragile X syndrome, prader wili syndrome, klinfelter’s syndrome; Single Gene Disorders: Inborn errors of metabolism like galactosemia, phenyl ketonuria, hypothyroidism, muco polysaccaridoses, tay sachs disease Includes fetal malnutrition, prenatal damage due to toxins, and prematurity Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Identified in 1970; Characterized with slowed growth, facial and bodily malformations, and cognitive impairments; Most common cause of mental retardation and leading preventable cause of birth defects in the U.S. Some prenatal causes of mental retardation are unknown. Can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, which results in mental retardation (leading cause), microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, limb and craniofacial abnormalities. group in India, resistance to medical termination of pregnancy, (M.T.P.) Causes of Mental Retardation A. Prenatal or Biological (before birth) Prenatal causes are those that originate during conception or pregnancy until before birth are chromosomal disorders such as trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Phenylketonuria, and William Syndrome. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability. Mental retardation is a very important health problem since it affects approximately 3% of the population. High blood pressure, syphilis and severe nutritional deficiency in the mother during pregnancy. Developmental disabilities can involve a cognitive or sensory difficulty, social or communications/language-related problem, a motor impairment, adaptive delay or some combination of these. ... Prenatal situations like poor nutrition and chemicals that the mother was subject to can also complications. Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is the most commonly recognized genetic cause of mental retardation. What causes mental retardation pregnancy? In less developed countries where risk factors for childhood disabilities are prevalent and the age structures of populations are weighted toward the young (3), the need for public health initiatives to prevent these disabilities is especially pronounced. Method. ... Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common metabolic cause of mental retardation. Trisomy 18 causes mental retardation, heart defects, very poor growth, and other problems. causes of mental retardation in children ALL of the above are true. Phenylalanine is an amino acid found in every kind of protein and some artificial sweeteners. Women with IUGR should eat a healthy diet; get enough sleep; and avoid alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. Some infections can affect the brain and change its way of working. 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